Antioxidants
Studies show that optimal sunscreen use only prevents up to half the damage which produces photoaging.
Antioxidants may be used in conjunction with sunscreens and retinoids to increase photoprotection by protecting the entire skin structure, rather than just the surface.
Antioxidants are substances that act as scavengers of oxygen-free radicals, which are the unstable particles in the skin that can damage skin cells and cause aging.
Naturally occurring antioxidants in the skin are reduced when exposed to light (particularly, ultraviolet light) and due to other environmental and lifestyle factors (most notably pollution, including smoking) and must be replaced.
Antioxidants are best administered both systemically (from diet and supplements) and topically (in products).
The majority of topical antioxidants are applied underneath sunscreen in the morning.
Some antioxidants may also be applied as moisturizers, or underneath moisturizers, in the evening after the application of retinoids or alpha-hydroxy acids.
Topical antioxidants must remain stable up to the point of application and be able to be absorbed by skin.
Among the best antioxidant products are Prevage MD, Revaleskin, Alyria Antioxidant Capsules, Replenix, Heliocare, La Roche-Posay Active-C, Biomedic Potent-C and IS Clinical Advance+ Serums.
No one antioxidant is best — combination antioxidant products and some usage rotation are preferred.