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Clinical Procedures and Topics

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anion atom atomic atoms basophil beta biology blood body care cation cell cells century charge charged chemical clinical colorless compare consisting consists containing cream cytokine cytoplasm early electric electron electrons element elements eosin eosinophil equal example form found functioning greek growth hydrogen including inner interferon interleukin intervention isotope isotopes large latin leukocyte living lymphocyte macrophage marini mass material meaning membrane mitochondrion molecular molecules monocyte needs negatively neuter neutron neutrons notes nuclei nucleus number numbers occurring opposite organelle origin part particle periodic phagocyte phagocytic positively present properties proton protons protoplasm same serum single skin structure subatomic table weight white within word

Molecular biology is the branch of biology that deals with the structure and function of macromolecules (for example proteins and nucleic acids functioning within skin cells, and the cells of those structures found within skin) that are essential to life.

Biological realities dictate that effective skin care products or treatment can only be derived from an understanding of cellular functioning.

It follows that skin care formulae must exactly replicate, restore, assist, revise or otherwise enhance naturally occurring conditions.

This aim is beyond the scope of most "natural skin care" for the simple reason that homo sapiens are not a botanical species.

Skin treatments can only provide sustainable results by:

• meeting the needs of the skin cells (for example nutritional needs, by providing specific chains of amino acids/protein molecules);
• providing a more youthful or healthy environment to enhance their functioning (for example by increasing hylauronic acid or glycosaminoglycan content).

An anion is a negatively charged ion, i.e., one that would be attracted to the anode in electrolysis.

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is the death of cells that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an growth or development.

Atom

An atom, roughly 10-8 cm in diameter, consists of a tiny, dense, positively charged nucleus made of neutrons and protons, surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.

Atomic Mass

Atomic mass refers to the mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units.

Atomic Mass Units

These are a unit of mass used to express atomic mass (also referred to as "atomic weight") and molecular weights, equal to one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12. It is equal to approximately 1.66 x 10 -27 kg.

Atomic Number

The atomic number indicates the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical properties of an element and its place in the periodic table.

Cation

A cation is a positively charged ion, i.e., one that would be attracted to the cathode in electrolysis.

Cytokine

A cytokine is any of a number of substances, such as interferon, interleukin, and growth factors, that are secreted by certain cells of the immune system and have an effect on other cells.

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm is the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus. Compare with protoplasm.

Electron

An electron is a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is a colorless, odourless and highly flammable gas. It is the chemical element with the atomic number 1.

Ion

Ions are atoms or molecules that carry an electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

Isotope

An isotope is each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element.

Leukocyte

A leukocyte is a colourless cell that circulates in the blood and body fluids and is involved in counteracting foreign substances and disease.

Mitochondrion

A mitochondrion is an organelle found in large numbers in skin cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.

Molecular Weight

Molecular weight is the ratio of the average mass of one molecule of an element or compound to one twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12.

Neutron

A neutron is a subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge, present in all atomic nuclei except those of ordinary hydrogen.

Nucleus

The nucleus is the central and most important part of an atom.

Organelle

An organelle is any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell, for example skin cells.

Periodic Table of (the) Elements

This is a table of the chemical elements arranged in order of atomic number, usually in rows, so that elements with similar atomic structure (and hence similar chemical properties) appear in vertical columns.

Phagocyte

A phagocyte is a type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles.

Prokaryote/Prokaryotic

A prokaryote is a microscopic single-celled organism, including the bacteria and cyanobacteria, that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Compare with eukaryote.

Proton

A proton is a stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron, but of opposite sign.

Protoplasm

The protoplasm is the colorless material comprising the living part of a cell, including the cytoplasm, nucleus, and other organelles.

Subatomic

Subatomic (as in "subatomic particle") simply means smaller than or occuring within an atom.